Effects of Rape

Psychological Effects of Rape A victim often suffers intense emotional and psychological reactions immediately after a rape. These can be described as personal crises where the victim relives the fear, agony or anxiety, mixed with emotional feelings. For most rape victims, the reactions begin days or weeks after the rape and will sometimes decrease after two to six months. However, disturbing emotions combined with low self-respect and sexual dysfunction may last for a year or more for some. Survivors will likely feel anger, depression, anxiety, and perhaps have a general sense that everything is falling apart. This phase is often marked by recurring nightmares, a generalized feeling of anxiety, and flashbacks to the attack. While these feelings are disturbing, they are a normal reaction to a trauma and are part of the healing process. Often it is at this time that survivors seek assistance from trained professionals who can help to put their lives back together and recover from rape-related post-traumatic stress. Even long after a sexual assault, some reactions may be triggered by people, places or things connected, or seemingly unconnected, to the assault. These are called â€Å"triggers† and they are difficult, but common. Defense mechanisms such as denial, suppression and dissociation are common among rape victims. The function of suppression is to block out the strong emotions and thereby escape the painful feelings for a short time which can be psychologically very exhausting. Denying or putting the worst parts of the assault out of the memory allows the rape victims to cope with their altercation. Dissociation is a defense mechanism which can be employed during painful physical or psychological abuse impossible to escape. This technique provides a feeling of â€Å"leaving† one's body, making the trauma harder to remember, especially the details. Defense mechanisms like these may affect the victim's ability and motivation to talk about the abuse they suffered. Professionals and health care personnel has to strongly take this into consideration while talking to a rape victim. Other long-lasting traumatic reactions following rape may be hyper-vigilance, avoidance of certain thoughts, feelings and situations that remind the victim of the abuse. Avoidance behaviors serve as a psychological defense against severe anxiety and tend to be long-lasting. Research shows that a person's normal work-capacity may be disrupted for as long as eight months after the rape. Depression is one of the most common effects of a rape victim and it can last for months. Suicide episodes begin to occur along with the depression. Sleep disturbances are also common, especially if the victim was assaulted in her own bed. Some examples of how a victim's lifestyle may change after rape are that she may stop opening the door if alone at home, stop using the laundromat, avoid going out after dark, and avoid social interactions, especially with men. I have a friend that was raped years ago and she only eats at restaurants that deliver her food. I hate that she can’t enjoy her life because, she is still young and has a lot going for herself. Spousal rape damages an individual’s psychological state more than stranger rape. It is longer-lasting than stranger rape because, it is carried out by a trusted individual whose trust is now damaged. Ongoing violence and rape within a close relationship may result in effects comparable to those of torture and war. Due to the repeated violence, the effects become even more difficult to work through, leading to deeper wounds. Many times, marital rape involves a combination of several types of crimes, such as physical harm, threats and property damage. All this often intensify the trauma Environment can play a huge role in the recovery process after a rape. It is important for the victim to be able to talk about the assault without being interrupted and questioned as a person. Therapy may be necessary to help the victim work through the traumatic experience. It is important that the woman is not made to feel guilt or responsibility after a sexual assault because that may harm instead of help. The immediate care by health care professionals and doctors is also very important. Some important points to cover are: The patient must be informed about examinations and tests that will be done and why. The patient must never be left alone in the waiting area, and the waiting time should be kept as short as possible. The patient must be informed that certain questions have to be asked, and why it is necessary to ask them. The immediate social situation must be evaluated. Does the patient have someone to stay with her over night? Does she wish to be admitted to the hospital or need to stay home from work? Was a police report filed? Unfortunately, reactions from society often involve some blame of the victim's own behavior. It is not unusual that the victim blames herself for the rape, and the public's attitude has an effect on that action. Blame and doubt by the public most likely stem from their own psychological defense system rather than from an uncaring attitude. This mind-set is partly a result of an unconscious conviction that those who behave appropriately will escape trouble, which also strengthen our own sense of security and control. Another reason is that placing blame on the victim relieves oneself of the responsibility to take action and help. Resistance and self-defense is another technique rape victims carry out. The perpetrator's first objective is to gain control of the victim so the rape can be completed. Some strategies are physical violence, threatening violence, scare-tactics and the use of alcohol or other drugs. Another strategy is that the perpetrator first attempts to gain the victim's trust and create a situation she cannot get out of. Strategies vary, depending on the situation, the relationship between perpetrator and victim as well as on the perpetrator's intent. All investigations clearly show that women who have been raped tended to avoid to resist. This is true for both marital and stranger rapes. No resistance is presumed to be the best defense, but the lack of resistance could be held against the victim later in court. Research in this area points to two things: Attempts by the woman to defend herself against aggression and rape in her own home are seldom successful. Physical resistance is also rare within a marriage. To actively defend oneself and physically and verbally resist the perpetrator decrease the risk for completed rape by a stranger. By and large, the risk for injuries does not appear to be higher because the woman resisted, even if the common belief is that it is â€Å"safest† not to resist. Traditionally, women learn that no resistance is the best strategy in a rape situation. However, there are two obvious problems with this viewpoint. First, the non-resistance may be used against them in court; and, second, new research shows that women who physically resist an assault by a stranger have a good chance to avoid being raped. Research like this must never be interpreted in a way which places resonsibility on those who are unable to or too afraid to resist or whose resistance was not effective. The fact is, and must always be, that the perpetrator is responsible for his actions. This is especially relevant when speaking of rape within the marriage, where resistance appear to be both more dangerous as well as rare. The most successful resistance strategies often talked about are kicking the assailant hard between the legs, pulling his hair, poking him hard in the eyes, and digging with the nails or other objects. At the same time, the woman must also try to find a way to escape. As a result of the newer research, girls and women are now more often encouraged to take self-defense classes. However, this type of resistance does not appear to have the same effect on rape within the marriage. Men who assault and rape women in close relationships must be held accountable and prosecuted. They should also be offered appropriate individual or group psychotherapy. Women and their children also need help and support to leave an abusive relationship, and offered better protection as well as psychotherapy if needed. Rapists come from all areas of society. Many times, they live in normal relationships with other women. Research has been done to find specific biological and personal reasons to why men rape, but the results vary. Therefore, it is difficult to determine a particular biological reason or personality trait of the typical rapist. . Victims of rape are found in all classes of society and are of all ages. However, one common factor emerges: almost every rape victim will have some kind of psychological problem afterwards.

Love the Little Things

Love the Little Things Last summer, I made the mistake of letting my friends, Tyler and Calvin, talk me into going camping for the weekend! While I did feel a tinge of excitement, the overwhelming feeling I had in the pit of my gut what that of anxiousness. I had never been camping before in my life! So many thoughts such as, â€Å"What if it rains? † â€Å"What if an animal attacks our site? † just kept racing through my mind. However, when they guys came to get me that morning and I saw all of the supplies and food they had brought with them, for our three day camping extravaganza, I knew everything was going to be okay.Boy, how wrong I was! Even with the best planning, camping can be an extremely frustrating experience do to uncontrolled factors such as poor weather, encounters with wildlife, and equipment failures. When envisioning the perfect camping trip, it is likely that good, sunny, weather outweighs a vision of a cold, rainy, forecast. However, not every campe r is so lucky. They may begin their journey with clear blue skies, but the closer they come to their destination, the more gray and cloudy the skies become.Once arriving at their campsite, they may be forced to set up their shelter in the pouring down rain! This may not seem like a very hard task to accomplish, but when you have to focus on not only getting the tent set up, but not tracking any mud inside, and getting the sleeping bags set-up without getting them soaking wet, it can become quite a challenge! If the sleeping bags do become wet from the rain, the cold also becomes a major factor. This is because when camping, there are two sources of heat available. One is fire, and the other is a campers sleeping bag.However, if it is already raining and windy outside, the chances of being able to use the first source of heat is highly unlikely. In this case, campers turn to their sleeping bags for warmth. If these are also wet, like the logs a camper would use to start a fire, then the sleeping bag is unfortunately, no source of heat either. While it is advised that campers check the weekend forecast before embarking on their trip, it isn’t always guaranteed to be accurate, and campers should still try to plan ahead for these kind of situations.Another problem campers are likely to be faced with is wildlife. Although not all wildlife the campers may encounter will cause a nuisance. Such as birds, rabbits, or squirrels. Some of the wildlife may be a different story. Wildlife like this may include mosquitoes, raccoons, and snakes. Mosquitoes cause many problems for campers if the proper bug repellent is not used. They bite human flesh, and leave behind an unruly urge to scratch at oneself all night. Only causing the itching sensation to increase even more!While Raccoons may not always directly interfere with campers, it does not mean they aren’t just as capable of causing an equal amount of problems. They often travel in groups of two or three, and become the most active at night. The campsite of an unsuspecting, inexperienced, camper can make the perfect place for these naughty rascalls to find dinner. Especially if this camper has forgotten to seal up their food in its proper containers, or if they forgot to zip their tent completely shut. For raccoons will break into anything they can get into in order to feed themselves.Snakes can also be a problem for the unsuspecting camper if they get inside the tent. Once inside, they will slither into sleeping bags or a pile of clothes to sleep, and hide from the elements. In some cases, the discovery of an animal like this could be fatal. Run-ins with wildlife like this can range from unpleasant, to dangerous, in a matter of seconds. However, the camper must realize that some of these encounters are inevitable. In addition, probably one of the most frustrating, yet least serious, problems a camper may face is equipment failures.Although all campers seem to encounter problems such as these at one time or another. They seem to mostly affect the, â€Å"first time camper. † They may get a late start getting on the road to their campsite, and by the time they arrive it is already getting dark. Then they must begin their attempt to construct the tent they will be using as shelter, while they can barely see what they are doing. While it looks fine in the dim light of the fire, during the night the campers awaken to a loud crash, and then feel something heavy on top of them. It was the tent collapsing.Sleepily, the campers are forced to exit the tent and try to find a way to fix it in the dark of night. However, there is no fixing. The rods to hold the frame of the tent have snapped, and the waterproof seal has been broken from the campers not zipping the doors and windows shut all the way before using it. Totally disgusted form the events prior, the campers decide to just pack up and head on home. Although equipment failures might not seem very serious, for ca mpers who have had to deal with bad weather, and annoying wildlife, these failures can shred any remaining hope of a peaceful camping trip!These three types of problems can be experienced while camping anywhere. Until someone is able to figure out how to control the weather, get rid of pesky wildlife, or not experience equipment failures, all campers will continue to shake their heads in frustration, because these things happen. If you want to be able to enjoy camping and make it a memorable experience for yourself, you need to be able to laugh at bad weather, enjoy annoying wildlife, and accept issues with your equipment, or you will always be frustrated and unhappy.

Viable System Model

ORGANIZATIONAL BEHAVIOR III ASSIGNMENT â€Å"VIABLE SYSTEMS MODEL (VSM) AS APPLIED TO A MAJOR ORGANIZATION† Study of Viable Systems Model at ITC Ltd. Submitted by: Daksh Kumar Anand Uh11013 Introduction This paper is intended as study of the Viable System Model for better understanding. It deals with some of the basic concepts embodied in the model, the modeling process, and its use in practice in ITC Ltd. ITC’s transformation from cigarette to a conglomerate. Why we need Organizational Models We all interpret the world through models; these can be explicit, or tacit. For all managers in all organizations, their ability to manage a situation or organization effectively is in direct proportion to the accuracy and relevance of the models they are using to understand it. By far the most common organizational model in use in management today is still the hierarchical model though it has various disadvantages. What it doesn’t model is any of the more fundamental things about the organization: what it is, what it does, how it does it, its processes, formal and informal structures, communications and information transfers, or decision making. The VSM (Viable Systems Model) offers a more sophisticated alternative, one that can be used both for diagnosing existing organizations, and for designing new ones. The Viable Systems Model: The  viable systems model or  VSM  is a  model  of the organizational structure of any viable or  autonomous  system. A viable system is any system organized in such a way as to meet the demands of surviving in the changing environment. One of the prime features of systems that survive is that they are adaptable. The VSM expresses a model for a viable system, which is an bstracted  cybernetic (regulation theory) description that is applicable to any organization that is a viable system and capable of autonomy. A viable system is composed of five interacting subsystems which may be mapped onto aspects of organizational structure. In broad terms Systems 1–3  are concerned with the ‘here and now' of the organization's operations, System 4 is concerned with the ‘t here and then' – strategical responses to the effects of external, environmental and future demands on the organization. System 5 is concerned with balancing the ‘here and now' and the ‘there and then' to give policy directives which maintain the organization as a viable entity. * System 1 (Operations)  in a viable system contains several primary activities. Each System 1 primary activity is itself a viable system due to the recursive nature of systems as described above. These are concerned with performing a function that implements at least part of the key transformation of the organization. System 2 (Coordination)  represents the information channels and bodies that allow the primary activities in System 1 to communicate between each other and which allow System 3 to monitor and co-ordinate the activities within System 1. * System 3 (Operations Planning ; Control)  represents the structures and controls that are put into place to establish the rules, resources, rights and responsibilities of System 1 and to provide an interface with Systems 4/5. System 4  (Development Research an d marketing) – The bodies that make up System 4 are responsible for looking outwards to the environment to monitor how the organization needs to adapt to remain viable. * System 5 (Decisions to maintain identity) –  is responsible for policy decisions within the organization as a whole to balance demands from different parts of the organization and steer the organization as a whole. According to the above descriptions, these systems can be organized into three groups reflecting the three management perspectives: * Operational Management (Systems 1,2,3) Strategic Management (System 4) * Normative Management (System 5) VIABLE SYSTEMS MODEL AT ITC LIMITED ITC was incorporated on August 24, 1910 under the name Imperial Tobacco Company of India Limited. In recognition of the Company's multi-business portfolio encompassing a wide range of businesses – Cigarettes & Tobacco, Hotels, Information Technology, Packaging, Paperboards & Specialty Papers, Agri-business, Food s, Lifestyle Retailing, Education & Stationery and Personal Care – the full stops in the Company's name were removed effective September 18, 2001. The Company now stands rechristened ‘ITC Limited'. The success of ITC lies in the fact that it has been able to adapt to the changing environment and market needs through searching more and more viable options for sustainable growth. Let us apply the VSM model in systematic fashion: * System 1 (Operations)  in a viable system contains several primary activities. Though the first six decades of the Company's existence were primarily devoted to the growth and consolidation of the  Cigarettes and Leaf Tobacco businesses, the Seventies witnessed the beginnings of a corporate transformation that ushered in momentous changes in the life of the Company. It entered into the chosen portfolio of FMCG, Hotels, Paper, Paperboards & Packaging, Agro Business and Information Technology. These were chosen on the basis of internal capabilities, the emerging opportunities in these areas and confidence that ITC would be able to achieve leadership positions in these business segments. * System 2 (Coordination)  ITC has a diverse portfolio of product offerings and proper coordination between them is necessary and it does take place even at the very basic level. E. g. ne of the primary products in its portfolio — Aashirvaad Atta [wheat flour] — is today a leader in its segment within a very short time since its launch. Its success is an example of the synergies that ITC derives from the diversity of its businesses. ITC's pioneering rural initiative, the e-Choupal network, enables cost effective sourcing of wheat but, more importantly, lends a competitive strength given the traceability of the commodity through identity-preserved pr ocurement. This enables customized blending, which again is a strength honed from the practice of tobacco lending over the years, to support local tastes and preferences. This is a perfect example of how the coordination takes place in ITC Ltd. * System 3 (Operations Planning ; Control) Flowing from the philosophy and core principles, Corporate Governance in ITC takes place at three interlinked levels, namely – * Strategic supervision by the Board of Directors * Strategic management by the Corporate Management Committee * Executive management by the Divisional Chief Executive assisted by the Divisional Management Committee. It is ITC's belief that the right balance between freedom of management and accountability to shareholders can be achieved by segregating strategic supervision from strategic and executive management. This 3-tier structure ensures that a. Strategic supervision (on behalf of the shareholders), being free from involvement in the task of strategic management of the Company, can be conducted by the Board with objectivity, thereby sharpening accountability of management. b. Strategic management of the Company, uncluttered by the day-to-day tasks of executive management, remains focused and energised; and c. Executive management of the divisional business, free from collective strategic responsibilities for ITC as a whole, gets focused on enhancing the quality, efficiency and effectiveness of its business. ITC also benchmark the health of each business comprehensively across the criteria of Market Standing, Profitability and Internal Vitality. * System 4  (Development Research and marketing) – ITC is committed to delivering world-class products and services. This requires a clear focus on continuously striving to create a higher value to customers by achieving excellence in all Company's operations. ITC always look out to know the customer demands and needs and work upon them. e. g. ITC's hotels business and its master chefs interact with millions of consumers throughout the year and are able to understand the nuances of regional and local tastes that delight the consumer palette. This knowledge is utilized by the foods business to deliver a superior and differentiated product. System 5 (Decisions to maintain identity) –  ITC has developed core values in order to bring out the balance between demands of the organization as well as the demands of the customers. ITC's Core Values are aimed at developing a customer-focused, high-performance organization which creates value for all its stakeholders and these are: * Trusteeship * Customer Focus * Respect for People * Excellence * Innovation * Nation Orientation. It is clear from the above discussion that ITC follows the Viable Systems Model up to a great extent which is a reason for its sustenance in dynamic environment.

Cliches and My College Writing Experience Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Cliches and My College Writing Experience - Essay Example The course allowed me to learn how to well articulate and integrate my opinions into essay assignments in the correct academic writing format. Professionally, the course has assisted me to become better at writing emails to my professors, tutors, and friends. From learning the course, I gained the ability to formulate well written and cohesive emails. I have experienced few difficulties as I strove towards taking a more scholarly approach in writing. The first difficulty I got to encounter was getting to learn MLA format by looking in the textbook. I had no prior experience in this format and getting to learn it by myself proved a challenge. The textbook provided great assistance but it became limited in showing how the MLA format gets learnt practically. Another difficulty I encountered was with my spelling. Scholarly writing requires correct spelling and thus it proved a challenge on the first instance. The more I got to get through the WRIT 111 course, the more I got to improve on my spelling as I received help from the writing center. The assistance I received from the writing center greatly influenced my improvement in spelling. I believe I have mastered most if not all of the learning outcomes of the WRIT 111 course. From the course, I have vastly improved in my academic writing. I have learnt how to write a well organized essay with proper paragraphing. I have become better at structuring my essays and making sure that sentences and paragraphs follow a proper order and make sense. The course assisted me to learn how to format essays in MLA style. From the course, I have improved my ability to coordinate first and third person narration into my essays. I now understand when to use either of the two narration styles. Visits to the writing center and the assigned textbook readings for the course allowed me to record a higher improvement in my second essay score compared to the first

Economics of Modern Capitalism Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1750 words

Economics of Modern Capitalism - Essay Example Malthus made two propositions in his argument about population. Firstly, that population escalates in a geometrical type of ratio and secondly, that subsistence rises in an arithmetical type of ratio. These two Malthus’ propositions form the popular population principle which, as he argues is part of the causes of lack of progress by mankind to the achievement of happiness. This so called cause is coherently related to the human nature where there is a continual trend of the entire animated life to rise in populations beyond what is there to nourish them. The necessary as well as natural impacts arising from such tendency are misery and other related vices that has had philanthropists trying in vain to rectify. The principle of population applied by Malthus to bring forth his argument is all based upon natural law where animated life increases far much higher than the available means for the subsistence of their life. This natural law of growth in population is usually put in check by another as Malthus continued to argue, which is the necessity law that restrains the growth inside particular boundaries and at the same time keeping it as low as the available subsistence means. In the case of humans, this natural law of necessity acts by the dictated way of numerous checks that can be ranked under two major categories. These major categories are with the inclusion of; (i) preventive kind of checks that put an impediment upon fertility and (ii) the positive types of checks that raise mortality or the death probability. The final outcome is the misery and poverty situations witnessed among the poor of every country as well as the futile attempts by the well-to-do to rescue them. Marx, and Engel alike, on the other hand came up with a counter argument in reaction to Malthus’ theory of population. They did their analysis under two levels to make their argument clear. The first level is their view that Malthus’ theory is too general principally i n that it is just another of the way bourgeois economists make more reified the relationships observed in a typical society. In the theory of Malthus, reify bears the meaning of changing concrete historical relations in a society as well as processes into eternal laws of nature. The process of reification mentioned with regards to social relationships, are characterised in the intellectual production nature under the capitalist conditions of production and the process of human reflections of the social life forms in tandem with the scientific analysis of the same social life forms. The second level is the more precise level of the Marx’s reaction to Malthus’ population principle. This level is about the principle of â€Å"the reserve army of labour† which is also referred to as the relative surplus population. He expounds on his point as he continues to make an analysis of the capital accumulation general law. Marx says that the expansion and accumulation of cap ital comprises of the capitalism’s driving force and this becomes a possibility only in scenarios where capitalists are able to operate at a gain. Gains arise in the appropriation of the surplus value that is produced by the power of labour he purchases. Accumulation arises at the point where capitalists change a part of their surplus value capital. This serves capitalists by allowing them some space to realise expansion and to apportion the extra surplus value and

Management information system Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

Management information system - Assignment Example Membership level is categorised in three levels: red membership, green membership and white membership. This open space has free internet access, a coffee shop, among other things that make one comfortable while working. The mission statement of the company is to spread the impact. The impact here refers to betterment of life that comes by provision of good working environment. By ensuring quality services to customers and good payment to workers, the company spreads the impact. BPO’s has become and emerging trend and many organisations are adopting this kind of business stracture. As a result, it is important to understand the external environment and how it affects the business. This section will use Porter’s Five Force Model to evaluate opportunities and threats to iTech. It will look into threat of entry, threat of substitute, bargaining power of buyers, bargaining power of suppliers and the extent of rivalry between iTech and other competitors. This is a new venture that most organisations are competing for. Initial cost of starting a BPO is high, however it has good returns. This makes this venture worth undertaking and many businesses with attempt to enter the market and offer competition. However, iTech has taken roots. It has been operation for the last 15 years. In addition to that, it is well experienced in the field. Therefore, if other firms find their way into the market, they will still have to work for a couple of years to gain enough experience for their influence to be felt. iTech has succeeded in dominating the market share. It has captured almost all suppliers and customers. This means that for new firms to succeed, it will take time to earn trust and confidence from loyal customers of iTech. Finally, as it has been stated above, iTech offers both BPO and open space services. With this differentiation of services, it gives community with types of services which a new entrant may not be in the position of

An analytical managerial review of In or Outsourcing in the IT Research Proposal

An analytical managerial review of In or Outsourcing in the IT industry - Research Proposal Example the basis of its enormous importance, it was important to choose the Information technology industry as the basis of this research project; it will serve as a dynamic topic of discussion that will have immense importance in the future. Also, information technology is my field of career; working on information technology will benefit my employer as well. It will help me increase my knowledge on a subject that I have immense interest in. In order to work on analytical managerial review of an organization in IT industry, I have chosen my organization as the subject. The research on information technology will not only help me enhance my capabilities in this area, but will also greatly help my organization. With the advent of numerous outsourcing options; the question today is not about to outsource or not to outsource. The new dilemma is to introduce the right kind of IT System at the right time with the right price point. The right decision at the right time about the right system is the key. Therefore, the tile of this research proposal is In or Out? – using the words from in sourcing or out sourcing; which management strategy works better for organization. As the head of ICT services, the project is extremely close to my interest, my line of career and will greatly benefit my organization and the field of IT as a whole. As mentioned above, it is not about outsourcing, it is about the time and price at which outsourcing decisions should be taken. As the environment is changing with each passing day, so is the development of the field of IT and its relative importance to the business technology. This changing environment can be greatly noticed in the information technology industry. In the current global financial environment, organizations are required to produce immaculate synergy; producing more than ever from the limited resources put in the system. The geographical location is more of a limitation that is mitigated by operations all across the

Data Interpretation on Autism Spectrum Disorder Essay

Data Interpretation on Autism Spectrum Disorder - Essay Example The data or results collected from various stated aspects collected were analyzed using synchronous statistics such as percentages and frequencies. It was mainly presented using charts and graphs. The respondents were supposed to indicate the student’s name, school, age, sex and date. The number of times or female was chosen depended on many aspects. In this case the respondent was also expected to describe the referred student and his or her classroom. Then later selected another referred student of a different sex and indicate the difference between the two. According to the data collected on the score of language skills in the following aspects need for help, speech response rate, asking permission, talking while outside the class and clearly and then taking turns while speaking. The language skills of students are seen to improve in the last two weeks of the session. The skill on responding adequately while talked to is seen to improve in week three significantly up to week five. Students who took part in the skills session are seen to be possession of the asking for permission from the word go, that is from the time the language skills test session start. However, as they get used to the session the skills goes down significantly compared to other language skills determinants. In the second student the respondent shows that the student language skills are different when compared to those from the first student. The student ability to ask for assistance clearly has increased significantly from the first week of the session. The student level of having an engaging speech was perfect from the first week, however, it deteriorated in week 2 and week 2 then it shoots to be among the best language skills for the students. The clear language speaking skills are evident in last two weeks of the session. In this case the student the skill on responding while being talked to has shown significant improvement.

Feasibility Analysis Paper Research Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words

Feasibility Analysis - Research Paper Example This paper includes critical and impartial look of the Good Addict venture through feasibility analysis study. Product/ Service Feasibility Analysis Product/ service feasibility analysis involves an assessment of the general appeal of the product or service that is proposed. It is necessary to ensure that a product offered actually satisfies the customer’s wants and that it serves as what the customers want. Product/ service desirability as well as product/ service demand. Green Addict services make a lot of sense and are very reasonable. Currently there have been a number of diseases and disorders that can be attributed to the food people eat. Most would want to maintain a healthy body and this does not come easily (â€Å"Report Linker† Web). Many restaurants do not pay attention to the need for organic food thus limiting options for retailers of choosing green organic food while relaxing in an environmentally friendly place. A number of people would definitely desire to enjoy life longevity and minimize their medical expenses. Green Addict offers exactly what the customers want. Their product and services are unique and appealing to a large number of people who are health conscious. It is apparent that the consumers will get excited when they are served organic food in a cool and environment friendly restaurant (Nusra Web). Green Addict takes advantage of an environmental trend of global warming and the publicity of environmental issues. Most people are aware of the dangers of genetically modified food and the carbon production. It is apparent that even small children are aware of the going green concern because of media publicity (â€Å"University of Minnesota† Web). Green Addict idea of using recycled materials is vital in the eye of the public who are already trying in their own level to reduce carbon emission. Green Addict therefore feels the environmental gap that is currently experienced in the market place. The introduction of serv ices by Green Addict is timely because it comes at a time when almost everyone around the world is worried about global warming. Green Addict will be offering services that many consumers would want to buy because of the consciousness of saving environment and staying healthy. Everyone asked about the importance of organic food will definitely give a positive response. Offering organic meals and a completely healthy environmentally friendly experience will therefore lead to a competitive edge in the market thus increasing the chances of the business idea to be successful. Customers that are health and environmental conservation conscious will even be willing to pay higher because of their understanding of the quality of services offered (Nusra Web). The product design and services offered at Green Addict may have a challenge of obtaining raw material as well as other organic supplies because they are very limited and extremely expensive. Offering organic foodstuffs is very costly an d the customers may not be willing to pay the higher cost of services. It is also likely that Green Addict may incorporate a few ingredients, which are not organic such as cheaper cooking oil that may contain food additive and chemicals that may turn away the consumers. Maintaining a purely green and organic product may therefore not easy to maintain unless the customers targeted are willing and able to pay for the higher costs associated with the product and services. Industry/ Target Market Feasibility Analysis It

Seiler BMW London Essay Example for Free

Seiler BMW London Essay I want to include the BMW logo on the top middle and my logo on the top right so when people open a letter they can see straight away, that it is a letter from the BMW company. And after that they see my logo and know from what BMW company. compliment slips: I want to include BMW logo and my own logo beside each other on the bottom right. So you can find it straight away, when you are looking through a bunch of compliment slips. 3-folded leaflet: I want to include my and BMWs logo on the bottom, beside each other, on the last page. So when you looked through it you see what company it is from. Also I want to put a little BMW logo in the middle of the first page. These are the two logos: BMWs on the right and my one on left: Design In my design I will decide between 3 3-folded leaflets, 3 business cards, 3 headed paper and 3 compliment slips. I will design everything myself and I will produce the chosen design for my company: Seiler BMW London I will design all of my product by hand on the following pages. I will include some of the information I analysed on my collected BMW product. I also have to include the BMW logo and my logo on every product. On the following pages I will show you 3 sketches of every Item I want to produce. I will choose on of these and tell you why Ive chosen it. On the next page I will how you 3 headed paper designs. I will show every design (of the product) to people and get their opinion. They will choose with me what product I am going to produce because it is not important if I think that the product is good but the people have to tell me if it is good. So every produced product was chosen by me and the opinion of the people Ive asked. I will show now ones more the BMW logo and my logo (Seiler BMW London) so I can show the EXACT colour I have to use on my products: Dark Blue White Black Grey (letters).

Recommendations for Philippines Health Services

Recommendations for Philippines Health Services QUESTION: How do we improve quality of health services in the Philippines as a whole? What efforts have been taken and what are the challenges. ANSWER: In developing countries like Philippines, quality of health services has been an issue. Though the Philippine government provide projects on how to improve quality of care, still there are people who encountered problems on how to seek medical attention and treatment. It is said that the deficiencies in quality of care represent neither the failure of professional compassion nor necessarily a lack of resources. They result from gaps in knowledge, inappropriate applications of available technology, or the inability of organizations to change (Berwick 1989). These are just some examples of factors affecting the quality services that needs to be given attention. Local health care systems may have failed to align practitioner incentives and objectives, to measure clinical practice, or to link quality improvement to better health outcomes. Improving clinical practice and quality of care should take place over months and not years so as to achieve economic growth, educational advancement o r new technology (Improving Quality of Care in Developing Countries by John W. Peabody, Mario M. Taguiwalo, David A. Robalino and Julio Frenk). Health systems provide health actions or activities in order to improve or maintain health. The government has set some policies and programs that will help Filipino people but it is not implemented well. In December 2011, by an article from the USAID/Philippines, United States Agency International Development (USAID) has conducted a pilot demonstration of citizen participation in health governance from June 2009 to August 2010. Through improvements in health governance at the facility level, the goal was to demonstrate increase in the utilized MCH services. Health Systems 20/20 supported the establishment of facility-based governance committees that focus on improving quality of health services: Quality Assurance Partnership Committees (QAPCs) located at the three sites in Mindanao. The Quality Assurance Partnership Committees (QAPCs) is a governance mechanism that brings together local leaders and government officials, health service providers, civil society, and community representatives to address issues related to access, availability, and quality of maternal and child health related services in local facilities. The QAPC was envisioned to provide oversight and problem solving actions to improve maternal and child health services in the three pilot facilities. Through a grant from Health Systems 20/20, the Gerry Roxas Foundation (GRF), a local NGO, facilitated the introduction, organization, and functioning of QAPCs in the three demonstration sites, with enthusiastic support from elected officials, health facility managers, and loca l officials. The three sites were:. the Rural Health Unit in the municipality of Lopez Jaena, the City Health Office in Oroquieta City, and the Provincial Hospital in Compostela Valley. Aside from giving the civil society a voice in health service delivery and quality, at the same time, it can increase the accountability of local officials and providers to their communities for services delivered. From an end-of-project assessment field visit conducted in July 2010, the following findings emerged: Anecdotal evidence suggested that community participation via the QAPCs contributed to client-focused and responsive MCH service delivery, expanded outreach from the facility to MCH service users, and increased MCH service utilization. The QAPCs strengthened the linkage between facilities and service users by sensitizing communities regarding MCH issues, and mobilizing community members to utilize available services. The major governance outcome at the facility level was increased responsiveness to community needs and preferences. A related secondary outcome was some increase in accountability to clients. Beyond governance at the facility level, the QAPC experience demonstrated the importance of decentralized local government to the effective functioning and sustainability of a co-governance innovation that brings together citizens and public-sector health providers. The integration of the QAPC pilot with the Philippines Department of Health’s existing quality assurance program, the Service Delivery Excellence in Health (SDexH) initiative, was critical to the success of the demonstration project. SDexH provides an accepted framework that connects quality clinical standards and accreditation to a definition of quality that incorporates client perceptions and community input. The potential for institutionalization of the QAPCs was enhanced by the ownership of the concept by local government officials. In all three cases, local chief executives issued Executive Orders giving official recognition to the QAPCs, and were strongly supportive of the committees. Two of the three QAPCs received a commitment from local governments to provide ongoing financial support to cover expenses for community members to participate in the committees. In the Compostela Valley Provincial Hospital, the director included the QAPC as an activity the Wellness Center, which assures the committee ongoing support and a venue. The demonstration project team drafted aQAPC process guidefor use by other local governments in the Philippines that are interested in replicating the committees for health facilities in their jurisdictions (www.healthsystems2020.org/section/where_we_work/philippines ). Access to the health care system is required to obtain the care that maintains or improves health,but simple access is not enough and it is said to be applied skillfully. Quality is comprising of the following elements to achieve it, namely structure, process and the outcomes. Structural measures are the easiest to obtain and most commonly used in studies of quality in developing countries. Many evaluations have revealed shortages in medical staff, medications and other important supplies and facilities, but material measures of structure are not causally related to better health outcomes (Donabedian 1980). Process, by contrast, can be measured with every visit to a provider. In addition, evidence-based clinical studies have steadily revealed which process measures lead to better outcomes. This combination of ubiquity, measurability,and linkage to health outcomes makes the measurement of process the preferred way to assess quality. Another project of the government is the committment to the United Nation millennium declaration that translated into a roadmap a set of goals that targets reduction of poverty, hunger and ill health (www.doh.gov.ph/node/1076.html) . In the light of this government commitment, the Department of Health is faced with a challenge to champion the cause of women and children towards achieving MDGs 4 (reduce child mortality), 5 (improve maternal health) and 6 (combat HIV/AIDS, malaria and other diseases). Pregnancy and child birth are among the leading causes of death, disease and disability in women of reproductive age in developing countries. The Philippine government commitment to the MDGs is, among others, a commitment to work towards the reduction of maternal mortality ratios by three-quarters and under-five mortality by two-thirds by 2015 at all cost. Confronted with the challenge of MDG 5 and the multi-faceted challenges of high maternal mortality ratio, increasing neonatal deaths particularly on the first week after birth, unmet need for reproductive health services and weak maternal care delivery system, in addition to identifying the technical interventions to address these problems, the DOH with support from the World Bank decided to focus on making pregnancy and childbirth safer and sought to change fundamental societal dynamics that influence decision making on matters related to pregnancy and childbirth while it tries to bring quality emergency obstetrics and newborn care to facilities nearest to homes. http://www.doh.gov.ph/content/national-safe-motherhood-program.html . This moves ensures that those most in need of quality health care by competent doctors, nurses and midwives have easy access to such care. The Department of Health has set the national objectives for 2011-2016 with overall goal that is to improved access to quality hospitals and health facilities by all Filipinos, especially the poor (www.doh.gov.ph). Their strategic objectives have improved, enhanced, ensured and these are the following : 1: Access to quality health facilities and services, especially those commonly used by the poor; 2: Quality of inpatient and outpatient care; 3: Availability of essential drugs and medicines in all levels of government health facilities; 4: Access to specialized services in sib-national health facilities; 5: Governance,sustainability and fiscal autonomy of government hospital; 6: and the client responsiveness of health facilities. For the government to achieve the objectives,they do a targeted health facility program that shall leverage funds for improved facility capacity to adequately manage the most common causes of mortality and morbidity, including trauma; setting provision of fi nancial mechanisms drawing form public-private partnerships to support the immediate repair, rehabilitation and construction of selected priority health facilities; making fiscal autonomy and income retention schemes for government hospitals and health facilities; unifying and streamlining DOH licensure and Phil Health accreditation for hospitals and health facilities and regional clustering and referral networks of health facilities based on their catchment areas to address the current fragmentation of health services in some regions within the Philippines. (Improving Access to Quality Hospitals and Health Services, www.doh.gov.ph/sites/default/files/6%20Chapter4.pdf ) Though it has not 100% achieved, the government with the help of many institutions, banks, and support from other countries, can be reached with the efforts of the people who are responsible for the implementation and monitoring of these activities. I believe that thru these efforts, Philippines will have an improved health services in the near future. REFERENCES: John W. Peabody, Mario M. Taguiwalo, David A. Robalino and Julio Frenk, Improving Quality of Care in DevelopingCountrie, (http://www.hivqualus.org/sites/default/files/Improving%20the%20quality%20of%20care%20in%20developing%20countries_Peabody.pdf ) http://www.healthsystem2020.org Women’s Health and Safe Motherhood Project,( www.gov.ph./node/1076.html ) Improving Access to Quality Hospitals and Health Services , http://www.doh.gov.ph/sites/default/files/6%20Chapter4.pdf http://www.scribd.com/doc/45621892/The-Aquino-Health-Agenda-Achieving-Universal-Health-Care-for-All-Filipinos http://www.doh.gov.ph/node/583.html http://www.wpro.who.int/health_services/service_delivery_profile_philippines.pdf

SQL to Firebase A Metamorphosis

SQL to Firebase A Metamorphosis Abstract Firebase is being extensively used in cross-platform apps for various functionalities, one of them being Realtime Databases. This paper highlights how an RDBMS based database such as MySQL can be converted to a JSON based Firebase Realtime Database for easier readability, multi-device data access and manipulation, and cloud storage for a centralized database. Although MySQL follows a schema for the data and stores information in the form of tables and relations, Firebase stores information in a JSON tree. Conversion of data from the former to the latter depends on how the application queries the database. The paper covers the three basic queries Insertion, Retrieval and Deletion of data. Keywords-Firebase; JSON Objects; MySQL; Realtime Database; With the app market booming and proving to be lucrative, many products and platforms are being launched to make the process of developing and maintaining these apps simple. Firebase, which is one such example, is a cloud based platform for mobile and web application development. It provides backend as a service [1] that includes analytics, real time database, remote configuration for apps, push notifications, multiple authentication types, hosting platform and Admob-which allows developers to monetize their apps by displaying advertisements to name a few. Notably, Firebase is expanding to become a unified app platform for android and iOS. Firebase allows developers to build high quality apps and mix and match the features available to meet their requirements. It is owned by Google and a host of new features were introduced recently in May 2016. [2] The real-time database (a NoSQL database) provided by Firebase is what forms the basis of this paper. Data is stored as JSON (Java Script Object Notation) objects and synchronized in real time to every connected client and remains available even when the app goes offline. [3] It is designed in such a way that only operations that can be executed quickly are allowed which enables a great real time experience. The firebase storage is built for app developers who need to store and serve user generated content, and is backed up by google cloud storage, a powerful, simple and cost effective object storage service. We now turn to relational databases, arguably the most popular kind of database, even today. Data is stored in tables (combination of rows and columns). The concept of schemas is implemented in relational databases. [4] Schema is the blueprint that defines how data is organized. SQL databases are strict to ensure integrity but lack flexibility. It can be difficult when initially developing because one might be unaware of the schema. Once the schema is decided, the developer needs to code accordingly. This can be tedious as designers are strictly bound by the schema. A NoSQL database, like the firebase database is schema-less which in turn provides a lot of flexibility. In summary, relational databases are inflexible but they provide data integrity whereas NoSQL databases are flexible but the data integrity is left to the developer. The Firebase database stores data in the form of a tree. The root node can be compared to the database in case of RDBMS. The root node can have multiple child nodes as shown in figure 1. Figure 1: Structure of a Firebase Database The child nodes in turn can have multiple child nodes and so on. Data, as mentioned before is stored as a key value pair. To access a value, this tree needs to be traversed. [5] Neelima Kuderu in her paper proposed Schema-Migration and Mapping Framework to support developers for automatically migrating relational databases to NoSQL while preserving the semantics of the original database [6]A B M Moniruzzaman in his paper provides classification, characteristics and evaluation of NoSQL databases in Big Data Analytics. The study also provides an independent understanding of the strengths and weaknesses of various NoSQL database approaches to supporting applications that process huge volumes of data; as well as to provide a global overview of this non-relational NoSQL databases. [7]Siim Plangi describes what Backend as a Service is, its advantages, disadvantages. Analysis of one such platform was performed with respect to an Android application and it is concluded that using such platforms is a great way to reduce development time and resources. [8]Ryan Thompson in his paper attempts to determine the sustainability of cloud storage We also get an overview of ev olution of cloud storage moving into the future, and attempt to determine whether integrations into cloud storage can be relied upon to transport vital information.ÂÂ   [9]Navdeep Singh in his paper introduces everyone with Google firebase API and its features. [10]Mital Potey in his paper discusses the study revealing that database management becomes considerably scalable, flexible and efficient when traditional relational databases are complimented by a specifically designed set of alternative databases such as NoSQL, NewSQL based systems. [11]Keith W. HareKeith W. Hare in his paper reviews the features common to the NoSQL databases and compares those features to the features and capabilities of SQL databases. [12] This section highlights the characteristics of Firebase that are not existent in MySQL. Real-time Multi-user Access The application is designed such that multiple people are able to access a centralized database simultaneously. The challenges that arise with maintaining a consistent state are taken care of. There are protocols in place in the event of a conflict. Rollback functions are implicitly called in the event of connection loss or drop to the database. [13] B. Cloud Access Data in all of its forms such as text and images are capable of being stored on the cloud. Since the cloud is the point of access, the database is readily available everywhere, provided the user has the right permissions. In the event that the application is offline, the last synchronized copy of the database is used by the application, hence aiding responsiveness. Once access is regained, the database synchronizes again with the main online database. Cross-Platform API Firebase can be integrated into various platforms that the application is built upon. Hence if one user records in the database, the updates are conveyed to all other uses, be those users are on an iOS, Website or Android platform. The APIs are bundled onto a single SDK hence the enabling the developer to focus less on the infrastructure and more on the customers needs. [14] Online Storage Firebase takes care of storage hence the data is hosted by them. This saves the developer from high investments on hardware for storage and the physical space occupied by it. In some scenarios, this is a vulnerability since the user does not have real custody over the data stored online. In most data-insensitive cases, this fact is overlooked by the user. Firebase, like any other form of service has its fair share of shortcomings. Various application developers have spoken out elucidating the specific issues they have faced while incorporating it. Here are a few common complications: A. High pricing with scalability Firebase charges a fee for the services it provides based on the number of simultaneous connections, size of the data stored, bandwidth per month and automatic backups [15]. Free of charge services are limited up to fifty connections and a hundred megabytes of storage. B. You dont own your data The data that is stored on the database is not owned by you. The bane being that actions such as exporting of the complete database cannot be performed by the user alone. Although this is possible by contacting the Firebase team to do it for you. [16] The boon is highlighted in section III (D). C. Relations are proven to be tedious Due to the structure of Firebase Realtime-Database, formation of relations has proven to be a nightmare to most developers. This is evident and problematic only when the amount of data is scaled multi-folds. Despite all these limitations, Firebase continues to be used extensively to build Minimum Viable Products (MVPs) and first working prototypes at Hackathons and large scale integration by major application enterprises. The section provides an insight as to the conversion of SQL queries to Firebase code. Since Firebase is a multi-platform supported tool, the code is expressed in terms of the logic and algorithm for easy transitioning into the respective programming languages. A. Data Insertion In MySQL, an entry into the database1 takes place with a query such as: -> INSERT into EMPLOYEES -> (UID, Name, Department, Salary) -> VALUES -> (25412, Ajay Patel, Marketing, 45000); Figure 2: A single entry into a SQL Database This exact tuple can be represented in Firebase by administering the following algorithm: An instance of the database is retrieved by first initializing an object of the Database reference. The instance stores a location (usually in the form of a URL pointing to the online reference of the Database) returned by methods of a Firebase object. Now an instance is required to reference the immediate child of the database. Another object of the Database Reference is initialized to the location of the child. The child is uniquely identified by the name (key)given to it. In this case, the first immediate child is the table we are querying, i.e.- Employees. The location is returned by the method of the instance created to reference the database earlier. Once an instance of the table is created and initialized, multiple instances are required to query the attributes of this table. One reference each is initialized using the name to identify each attribute of the child. The location of each of them is returned by the method of the instance created in step 2 for the table we are querying. Finally, each of these references are used to set the desired value required by the user. A methodunder each of these references are called and the desired value is passed as a parameter to the method. A visual representation of the Firebase structure in figure 3 is a tree with Employees as the parent that represent the table and the tuple as a child with the unique reference (in this case, the value 25412). UID is a primary key constraint in the MySQL database. Along the same lines, Firebase uses a key value (in this case UID = 25412) to uniquely identify a child of the parent Employees. As depicted, MySQL stores the data in the form of rows and columns, whereas Firebase employs a JSON tree format. Figure 3: Firebase representation of a single entry. In the case of multiple entries, MySQL uses the query aforementioned, multiple times to enter the data. The resulting table is shown in figure 4. Each call counts to a single tuple containing the information required to query it. Figure 4: Multiple tuples in a MySQL Database Similarly, multiple children are entered into the Firebase database one tuple at a time. Each tuple is encapsulated in the form of a single JSON (JavaScript Object Notation) object.ÂÂ   This is similar to the insertion query in MySQL except the tuple is a single object passed to the database reference. Conversion of tuple data to a JSON object is done using a concept in OOPs (Object Oriented Programming System) called POJO (Plain Old Java Object) class [17]. The data is passed to the getter methods of the object created for that class, each of which is defined for the attributes. Once the values of the object are set, the object is passed to the reference defined earlier and the database is updated. Note that each object holds only the attributes of a single tuple. Figure 5: Multiple children in Firebase Structure. B. Data Retrieval In MySQL, data can be retrieved using the select statement. Constraints can be defined in the statement to show only a certain tuple(s). The following query displays an output as shown in Figure 6. ->SELECT * from EMPLOYEES WHERE UID=32121; Figure 6: Retrieval of a tuple based on condition in MySQL. Firebase provides the functionality of triggering a certain list of methods that notifies the application when data is modified. The method used for this feature takes the location of the child to be monitored and is termed as a listener. The sequence of data retrieval is as follows: The listener is defined from the Firebase reference created previously. The listener has various methods available that enable the developer to employ them for other functionalities. Under the method that is implicitly called whenever a child is added, one of the parameters is the data snapshot that is downloaded from the cloud. Using this data snapshot, the children are identified using their unique IDs and subsequently stored onto variables such as Strings and Integer values. Figure 7: Retrieval of child node with UID = 32121. C. Data Deletion MySQL makes use of DELETE FROM along with a where clause to determine the entry to be deleted. The following query results in a database as depicted in Figure 8. ->DELETE FROM EMPLOYEES WHERE UID=63212; Figure 8: Resultant database after the query is performed. The equivalent of the function in Firebase is as follows. The Firebase reference of the child that needs to be deleted is determined beforehand by identity of the unique ID. Using this reference, a method used to delete the complete child and its reference is called. All the attributes and children under this reference are removed. Figure 9: Firebase database after the entry is deleted. Firebase continues to be the leading BaaS for cross-platform applications that require a real-time database hosted on the cloud. Features and updates are continuously being introduced by Google to overcome the few flaws exhibited by it. Applications built on relational databases that are looking to move to the cloud now have the ability to do so. Firebase has a growing support on various mobile platforms such as iOS and JavaScript based web applications. According to the official Google Blog [18], a few of the future goals of the platform include- lower and simpler pricing, Android and iOS SDKs (Software Development Kits) receive constant offline support and a much-improved UI (User Interface). Overall, Firebase will hopefully continue to provide developers with the tools and support required to radically change how app development is done. Acknowledgment (Heading 5) We would firstly like to thank Prof. H D Phaneendra, Head of the Department of Computer Science and Engineering, NIE, Mysore for giving us support and opportunity to work on this paper. We would also like to thank Prof. M.J. Yogesh, Department of Computer Science and Engineering, NIE for his vital insights and guidance. We also extend our warm regards to all the faculty members of the department for their constant encouragement and invaluable advice.

Fishing and Relaxing at the Lake Essay -- Descriptive Essay, Descriptiv

When people discuss Naples and describe the sights, they usually just mention the beach, Fifth Avenue, and the swamp. To the people who live here and experience the unseen places, there is much more. There is one place I particularly like. That is Horseshoe Lake and it is a lake where some of the greatest fishing experiences occur that include catching large fish and relaxing with a friend. There is an indescribable felling that occurs at Horseshoe Lake. It is a feeling of mild comfort and much needed relaxation mixed with exhilaration. The comfort comes from the light breeze, which quickly comes and goes while you are fishing. It is this breeze that allows your fishing line to float one way or another, thus doing the luring for you. The tall oak trees provide shade that prevents you f... Fishing and Relaxing at the Lake Essay -- Descriptive Essay, Descriptiv When people discuss Naples and describe the sights, they usually just mention the beach, Fifth Avenue, and the swamp. To the people who live here and experience the unseen places, there is much more. There is one place I particularly like. That is Horseshoe Lake and it is a lake where some of the greatest fishing experiences occur that include catching large fish and relaxing with a friend. There is an indescribable felling that occurs at Horseshoe Lake. It is a feeling of mild comfort and much needed relaxation mixed with exhilaration. The comfort comes from the light breeze, which quickly comes and goes while you are fishing. It is this breeze that allows your fishing line to float one way or another, thus doing the luring for you. The tall oak trees provide shade that prevents you f...

The Fantasy World of The Glass Menagerie :: Glass Menagerie essays

The Fantasy World of The Glass Menagerie In The Glass Menagerie, Tennessee Williams creates a world in which the characters are disillusioned by the present. Amanda, Tom, and Laura achieve this disillusionment by resorting to separate worlds where they can find sanctuary. Each character develops their own world, far away from reality. Amanda frees herself from the harsh realities of life by constantly reminding herself of the past. To begin with, she continuously repeats the story of the "one Sunday afternoon in Blue Mountain" when she received seventeen gentlemen callers (1195). Furthermore, she keeps a "larger-than- life-size" photograph of her husband over the mantel who left the family when the children were young. When Jim came over for dinner, Amanda wears the "girlish frock of yellowed voile with a blue silk sash" that she wore on the day she met her husband (1222). Amanda obsesses with the past, and at the same time damaging the children psychologically. Constant allusions to the past have psychologically affected Tom and Laura, trapping them into Amanda$BCT(J lost world. Tom and Laura fail to survive in the present because they are always trying to live through the past. However, the past no longer exists, causing them distress in their journey through life. Tom is unsuccessful with his job at the warehouse and Laura cannot seem to fit in with the outside world. These personal downfalls in life drive Tom into a life of poetry and movies, and Laura into a world of glass figurines. Tom is unsatisfied with his work at the warehouse and feels his life lacks adventure. Therefore, he finds it through writing poetry and watching movies. When business is slow at the shoe warehouse, Tom goes to the washroom to work on his poetry. Tom finds adventure in poetry because he is able to create and control his own world. Along with poetry, Tom retreats to the movies every evening to fulfill his adventurous nature. Amanda questions Tom, "why do you go to the movies so much, Tom?" Tom replies, "I go to the movies because$BM*(J like adventure. Adventure is something I don$BCU(J have much of at work, so I go to the movies"(1210). Tom$BCT(J obsessions with adventure leaves him no time or energy to concentrate on his present responsibilities at work. Therefore, he leaves Amanda and Laura for the Merchant Marines, a place where he can live out his dreams for adventure. However, he cannot forget Laura, "I tried to leave you behind me, but I am more faithful than I intended to be!"(1247). Laura's problem, according to Jim, is her "inferiority complex"